The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known to European pharmacists and perfumers since the 16th century as a product of southeast Asia. For example, conditions that first bring the patient to medical attention are typically fever due to infection or manifestations of thrombocytopenia, such as hemorrhagic diathesis with bleeding from the gums, nose, skin, gastrointestinal tract, or elsewhere. Along with the development of technology, now on human succeed to create new invention. Am J Ind Med 1985;7:385–93. [69] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Initially, increased risks of leukemia, predominantly AML, were reported among workers with high levels of benzene exposure in the chemical, shoemaking, and oil-refining industries, whereas more recently studies have focused on workers with lower exposure. For other publications in this series, please use the order form on the back of page 21. [63][64][65] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[66]. He has a daughter, age 16, who lives with his ex-wife. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated to be 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1000 employees exposed. Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Numerous ecchymoses and petechiae are noted on arms and legs. Cigarette smoke is one of the major sources of benzene exposure and smokers, in general, are exposed to 10 times more benzene than nonsmokers. Benzene and its intermediate metabolites covalently and irreversibly bind to BM DNA, inhibit DNA synthesis, and introduce DNA strand breaks. (5) What additional laboratory testing would you recommend? A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Infante PF, Rinsky RA, Wagoner JK, Young RJ. ❑ The current permissible exposure limit for benzene is 1 ppm. The registries will collect information on the effects of low-level exposures of long duration (i.e., the exposures typically found in populations surrounding hazardous waste sites) and the health outcomes for populations receiving a one-time, high-level environmental exposure (such as those experienced at chemical spill sites). However, if CNS or respiratory depression are present or likely, emesis is contraindicated. Depending on the magnitude of the dose, persons who have ingested benzene may experience these effects 30 to 60 minutes after benzene ingestion. Explosives material can be found on trinitro benzene (TNB). The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known to European pharmacists and perfumers since the 16th century as a product of southeast Asia. The patient occasionally drinks beer; he quit smoking cigarettes 4 years ago. Adequate nutrients (vitamins and protein source) in his diet should be assured. Benzene exposure affects the central nervous system (CNS) and hematopoietic system and may affect the immune system. Workers from a wide range of industries, such as petroleum, rubber, paint, shoemaking, and printing solvent, have a potential to be occupationally exposed to benzene as well as to a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons containing benzene. The FDA is not Benzene is an important commercial commodity and has become widespread in the environments of developed countries. Other uses is for measure small pH, agents for vulcanizing natural rubber and also other explosives of synthesis intermediates. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. Is anyone else in the case at risk of benzene exposure or its adverse effects? MFO-inducing drugs (e.g., phenobarbital, alcohol) and certain chemicals (e.g., chlordane, parathion) may increase the rate at which toxic metabolites of benzene are formed. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces Michael Faradayfirst isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminatin… In humans, approximately half of an inhaled dose is distributed to the liver and bone marrow. Myelodysplastic effects also can be seen in the bone marrow of persons chronically exposed to benzene. Here, lymphocytes collected from benzene-exposed individuals were cultured and treated with an inhibitor of NFκB activation, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, which was found to inhibit apoptosis by 40%. The range of hematologic disease attributable to benzene is broad, from relatively frequent mild alterations in blood counts to AA or leukemia. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites, Chemical name: Benzene- methanol, Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. The molecule is planar. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or Endless knot). (See answer number 1 above.). He gave the compound the name benzin. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. The peripheral smear and blood count will permit monitoring of early changes of the patient’s condition. Examination is otherwise within normal limits. Erika L. Abel, John DiGiovanni, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Fourth Edition), 2015, Benzene is a widely used solvent and is present in gasoline, automobile emissions, and cigarette smoke. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or more of benzene be reported. Uses of benzene. [97][98], This article is about the chemical compound. The prognosis is generally good for the resolution of the macrocytosis. Benzene exposure is linked to AA. [36] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Metabolism of benzene is essential to induce toxicity. ❑ Benzene is metabolized in the liver and bone marrow. Benzene metabolites are also generated from the diet. ❑ Measurement of benzene in blood and breath is generally not clinically useful in nonoccupational settings. If this medicine gets in your eyes, nose, mouth, rectum, or vagina, rinse with water. Note its two benzene rings. ❑ Symptoms of chronic benzene exposure may be nonspecific, such as fatigue and anorexia. Historically, high-level exposure to benzene was commonplace, and, in general, benzene exposure has been the cause of great concern due to its carcinogenic properties. An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. Another traditional and also herbal medicine that is widely used by people is Betel Leaf. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[95]. 10 ppm. Toluene is also processed into benzene.[58]. (You may also read: Safe Chemicals That Can Be Dangerous in Everyday Products). If you heat this raw material at high temperatures and at the same time limit the access of air, many volatile combustion products will form, among which benzene is released. ❑ Benzene is commonly used as a solvent and as a raw material in chemical syntheses. Lack of adequate epidemiologic data and difficulty in producing hematologic carcinogenicity in animals impeded a consensus.

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