Losses due to early blight typically are around 20-25%; however, there have been cases of 70-80% losses. Severe defoliation can occur and result in sunscald on the fruit. It is found wherever potatoes are grown. As these lesions spread, leaves may die but remain attached to the plant. The mycelium is haploid and septate, becoming darkly pigmented with age. Selecting fields with good drainage and an absence of natural impediments to air flow over  the crop, e.g. A whitish growth of spore -producing structures may appear at … Symptoms on Leaves 1) Late Blight appears on potato or tomato leaves as pale green, water soaked spots often beginning at leaf tips or edges. No mold appears. Symptoms of Potatoes with Early Blight Early blight rarely affects young plants. The cheaper protectant fungicides such as mancozeb and chlorothalonil are the foundation of most early blight management programs. All above ground parts of the plant can be affected. Early blight of potato and tomato, caused by species of the ubiquitous fungal genus Alternaria; Leaf blight of the grasses e.g. 91-9456613374 The underlying tissues are leathery to corky in texture, dry, and usually dark brown (figure 6). Tubers harvested before maturing are susceptible to wounding and infection. It affects leaves, fruits and stems and can be severely yield limiting when susceptible cultivars are used and weather is favorable. Potato Di~ea~e~ Early Blight Phillip Wharton and William Kirk Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University Early Blight Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones and Grout (Hyphomycetes, Hyphales) Introduction Early blight is a very common disease of potato that is found in most potato-growing areas. Early blight overwinters on infected plant tissue and is spread by splashing rain, irrigation, insects and garden tools. Tuber lesions may be circular or irregular in shape (Figure 8) and can be surrounded by a raised dark-brown border. QoIs  are high-risk fungicides with respect to resistance development,  and isolates of A. solani which possess the F129L mutation have been isolated from the field. In dry weather they lie dormant but when the humidity is right, the fungus starts to grow. Watch for disease symptoms during routine monitoring, and keep records of your results Symptoms of early blight occur on fruit, stem and foliage of tomatoes and stem, foliage and tubers of potatoes. Harrison. Effects of cultivar resistance, leaf wetness duration and temperature on rate of development of potato early blight. Large portion of leaf becomes a diffuse yellow and may drop. The critical period for control of early blight (Alternaria solani) of potato. Using wild Lycopersicon species which show a high degree of resistance in breeding programs has led to the release of a number of cultivars of potato and tomato with a degree of resistance to early blight. Firm, dark brown, circular spots grow to cove… The disease occurs in humid regions with temperatures ranging between 4 and 29 °C (40 and 80 °F). While blight is often considered a 'fungal' disease, the blight organism itself is not strictly a fungus but is more closely akin to an algae. Symptoms of early blight infection on tubers appear as dark and sunken lesions on the surface (Figure 7). 2001. (eds) The Potato Crop. Increased damage may occur by secretions of toxins by pathogens. Premature defoliation may lead to considerable reduction in yield. Ascochyta species and Alternaria triticina that causes blight in wheat; Bur oak blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Tubakia iowensis. The scientific name of late blight is Phytophthora infestans, appropriately named for its terrible habits. The sporangia serve to spread the disease in the growing season. In many cases employing sound cultural practices that maintain potato and tomato plants in good health will keep early blight losses below economic levels. The disease varies in severity every year and is most severe in years when late summer precipitation is frequent. Weingartner. Infection first occurs during periods of warm, rainy, humid weather. Sporulation in culture can be stimulated by exposure to fluorescent light. In Australia, the leaves and stems of the potatoes are usually affected; while the tubers are not normally damaged, the disease can severely impact yield. Pages 141 -147. Early blight is most prevalent in regions with warm weather that alternates between dry and wet as in regions with dew or fog. These fungicides must be reapplied every 7-10 days to provide protection of new growth as well as to counter the effects of weathering which progressively removes the chemical from the leaf surface. Normally the disease symptoms become apparent during tuber bulking stage and develop leading to the harvest. (Courtesy W.R. Stevenson). Initially a spore or more likely a number of spores will land on the potato haulm. Wide scale cultivation gained prominence largely in the 19th century some 300 years after their introduction into Europe from the Andean region of South America. 91-9456613374 Symptoms of early blight can occur on the foliage, fruit, and stem at any stage of development. Foliar symptoms of early blight on a potato leaf. 1985. Ricker, D.A. Despite the … Alternata blight whose foliar symptoms are often called brown spot is caused by organisms in the same genus as early blight, Alternaria alternata. The tomato was initially considered a horticultural crop, but the development of the food processing industry and its appetite for large quantities of cheaply produced tomatoes led to the development of large-scale field production of tomatoes particularly in the US. Potato or tomato plants that are infected may rot within two weeks. Potato tubers are often infected in the field after the tops have been blighted. Potato Early Blight. In Bangladesh, the infection of late blight was first reported in 1922. The potato is a dietary staple in nearly all temperate countries with annual production worldwide in 2011 of around 375 million metric tonnes. The Genus Alternaria: Biology, Epidemiology and Pathogenicity. The American Phytopathological Society (APS), Kemmitt, G. 2002. Early blight of potato is prevalent worldwide wherever potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants are grown. Gleason, M.L., A. Springer, Cham. Management of early blight and late blight. Isolates of A. solani bearing the G143A mutation which confers high levels of resistance to QoIs  have also been detected in routine monitoring in Europe. Complete resistance to early blight does not exist in commercial potato or tomato cultivars. The dark pigmentation of the mycelium increases resistance to lysis which extends the survival time in the soil to several years. Lesions greater than 10 mm in diameter often have dark pigmented concentric rings. Pennypacker, and A.A. MacNab. SDHIs are also inhibitors of fungal respiration although they bind to a different target site than the QoIs and hence are not cross resistant to the latter. Since this is an airborne fungal disease, complete protection is almost impossible. The name, early blight, is somewhat misleading since the disease usually occurs on mature vines. Dark, brown spots appear on this older foliage and, as the disease progresses, enlarge, taking on an angular shape. The cheaper protectant fungicides such as mancozeb and chlorothalonil are the foundation of most early blight management programs. If  the QoI is applied solo to the crop then the grower should not exceed 4 sprays or 33% of the total spray program. Precise figures for total expenditure on fungicides for control of early blight is also difficult to arrive at due to the fact that it is just one of a complex of tomato/potato pathogens which are normally controlled with the same products. III. Alternaria tomatophila is more virulent on tomato than A. solani, so in regions where A. tomatophila is found, it is the primary cause of early blight on tomato. Time from initial infection to appearance of foliar symptoms is dependent on environmental conditions, leaf age, and cultivar susceptibility. The underlying tissues are leathery to corky in texture, dry, and usually dark brown (figure 6). Alternata blight is controlled by the same chemistries used for early blight so special treatment is rarely required. Potato Di~ea~e~ Early Blight Phillip Wharton and William Kirk Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University Early Blight Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones and Grout (Hyphomycetes, Hyphales) Introduction Early blight is a very common disease of potato that is found in most potato … The genus Alternaria is a large and important group of pathogenic fungi, which cause a significant number of important diseases. Controlling volunteers and weeds, such as nightshade and horsenettle which serve as alternative hosts for the disease, prior to planting the new crop will help to reduce the risk of transmission of disease. Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss. However, if A. tomatophila is absent, A. solaniwill cause early blight on tomato. Lesions generally appear quickly under warm, moist conditions on older foliage and are usually visible within 5-7 days after infection. In the US early blight in tomatoes can be problematic east of the Rocky Mountains but is not usually a problem in the less humid inter mountain or Pacific regions.

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