The surface reflectance image can be right? If the uncertainty of the observations or forward radiative transfer model exceeds a certain threshold, the estimated parameters depend more strongly on the a priori knowledge. In the first strategy, the estimation value of the reflectance in the previous frame is not used as a priori knowledge in the current estimation of parameter x (the bi-directional reflectance model parameters and the aerosol optical depth). A1, B1 and Latm,m are estimated with the help of the radiative transfer code MODTRAN and a knowledge of the atmosphere. Before the inversion of this equation, a test for the presence of cirrus is carried out with the 1.38 μm channel (in this band, the signal issued from the ground is almost completely absorbed, in addition, the measured signal only comes from the potential presence of cirrus). Coefficients A, B and C are estimated by 6S by fixing the atmospheric conditions. It combines multitemporal and multispectral acquisitions in order to detect clouds and their shadows and estimate the aerosol content and the quantity of water vapor. I have studied that reflectance range is between 0 and 1 and it is dimensionless. If the surface is Lambertian and all of the atmospheric parameters are known, then remote-sensing imagery can be calculated to directly retrieve the surface reflectance. Beyond the methods reviewed, based on the surface reflectance it should be noted that the microwave sensors, in particular those with decametric wavelengths, have the ability to detect underlying geological materials through dry sandy surfaces [SCH 86]. QUAC, which is available as an add-on to the image processing software ENVI (ENvironment for Visualizing Images), is based on three assumptions: (i) there are at least 10 spectrally diverse pixels (i.e. (Govaerts et al., 2010; Wagner et al., 2010) on data acquired by SEVIRI onboard the Geostationary Earth Orbit meteorological satellite MSG. The value found is then used as the average environmental reflectance. Therefore, some investigators have proposed the joint optimization method of the surface-atmospheric parameters, by which the atmospheric aerosol parameters, surface bi-directional reflectance, and albedo can be solved simultaneously-for example, the related research carried out by Govaerts et al. OLI only scenes can not be processed to Surface Reflectance. I want to know how many locations I can obtain. One basic method, the threshold method, is the simplest and most popular method for cloud detection. After presenting the preprocessing steps usually undergone by these data in order to retrieve surface reflectance, this chapter summarizes various existing processes for extracting the information of interest from hyperspectral images. This resolution is accomplished in two steps, the first aiming to estimate the radiative atmospheric components and the second estimating reflectance. 2 - Rrs equation mentioned in the articles by Dorji et al. The DOS method searches for the lowest radiance in each spectral band for the entire image. Usually, most of the computer-based optimization methods profit from algorithms in the numerical calculation (Press, 2007). Based on these evaluations, the surface reflectance is estimated from precalculated tables generated by the Successive Orders of Scattering (SOS) transfer code [LEN 07]. Jean-Stéphane Bailly, ... Nicolas Baghdadi, in Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas, 2016. Although never included as part of oceanographic missions, spaceborne LiDARs were found to be useful sensors for studying relationships between sea surface reflectance and wind speed [LAN 05], bathymetry [BAR 11] and detection of suspended particulates in oceanic [BEH 13, CHU 13a, LU 14] and coastal waters [SHI 08]. New correction codes such as ATCOR [RIC 98, RIC 02] and SIERRA [ACH 09] have been developed in order to take into consideration Earth–atmosphere coupling effects, as well as to take relief into account through corrections for estimated radiative terms based on MODTRAN. The estimation of optical depth combines several criteria [HAG 15b]: a multitemporal criterion where the considered geographic zone must have the same reflectance for both the composite image and the image under process; a multispectral criterion (the reflectance in blue must be half of the reflectance in red); the optical depth must be positive and less than the value obtained by the dark pixel method. The corresponding radiance is written as L1%=0.01.ETOA.cosθsπ where ETOA is the irradiance at the top of the atmosphere corrected by the Earth–Sun distance, and where θs is the solar zenith angle. First, in order to detect floodwaters for dynamic flood mapping, we used time-series MODIS data from 2010, which is a type of the MYD09A1/Aqua level-3, 8-day composite surface reflectance with 500 m spatial resolution (swath: 2000 km), selecting the best possible value of the surface reflectance considering cloudiness, cloud shadows, a low solar zenith angle for each grid during an 8-day period (NASA, 2014). According to the equation, the radiance received by the sensors that is given by L, L0, s, and TFd/π can be calculated by the radiative transfer model and used to calculate the surface reflectance. It is based on a semi-empirical model whose coefficients depend on the spectral band. A Semian... Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Shallow Waters. As we can calculate the accuracy quite easily on the basis of correctly classified pixels versus those pixels which are not classified correclty , so how can we calculate the Kappa Coefficient result ? We have focused here on those which are more specific to drylands and based on optical imagery, which is most widely available and usable in these regions. Until now I was using the pixel value as Rrs, but looking at. The principle relies on the relationship of two radiances, one situated at the maximum absorption of water vapor (0.94 and/or 1.14 μm) and the other situated on this absorption band. Several criteria are used for the detection of clouds [HAG 10]: a channel at 1,380 nm to detect cirrus (Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2), a multitemporal test to detect a sudden augmentation of the reflectance in the blue band, the presence of a cloud and correlation rates for the proximity of a pixel with preceding images in order to reduce all overdetection. Its principle is based on the facts that most of the surface reflectance is lower than those of clouds in the VIS region, or the surface temperatures are higher than those of clouds in the TIR region both over the land and over the ocean. In the presence of non-flat ground, the radiative components are no longer directly accessible through classic radiative transfer codes such as MODTRAN. At the same time, because of the advantage of this algorithm, the spatial and temporal resolution of its aerosol retrieval has been greatly improved, which better reflects the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the aerosol. The RCS, COST and 6S methods produce more stable results than the PIF method. The cost function, along with the direct and indirect constraints for the unknown parameters, are all critical components of the optimized algorithm. Adaptations were made in order to improve the estimation accuracy for radiative terms in the absorption bands by using a line by line transfer code [GAO 97] combined with the database HITRAN2000 [ROT 03, ROT 05]. This characteristic revealed by the first space shuttle missions has since been used to identify fossil hydrographic networks [PAI 09]. The LPDAAC is located at the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (NASA, 2014). These methods are used for multispectral images. This optimization method solves for one (or several) optimized estimations of unknown parameters to minimize the cost function. Landsat 8 OLI images (21/08/2016) with a resolution of 30 m were selected to extract NDVI using ENVI 5.1 software. For the simulation, vegetation is used for the surface reflectance, the atmosphere is set as a midlatitude summer, the aerosol type is set to the rural type, the water vapor content remains constant, and the visibility varies from 2 to 60 km. They concluded that QUAC can be a reasonably viable atmospheric correction procedure capable of deriving smooth reflectance spectra, preserving spectral features related to chl-a, if the basic assumptions are satisfied. Converting DN of Sentinel 2 image to Reflectance values. The result shows that the latter approach decreases the overall relevance between the parameters (Wagner et al., 2010), which means that the impact of each parameter on the reflectance estimations is much easier to separate by referring to the a priori knowledge. The LST 8-day composite products of MYD11A2/Aqua were simple average values of all corresponding daily LST products with 1000 m spatial resolution collected within the selected 8-day period.

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