Fish and Wildlife Service (Buehler et al., 2008). The Cerulean Warbler is a migratory songbird of eastern North America and has its densest breeding populations in the Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture (AMJV) region. 1) and vegetation density (0.85; Fig. To date, very little research has been conducted on juvenile survivorship, fledgling movements, or pre-migratory activity. Analyses were performed in program R (R Core Team, 2015). 4) and ground cover was important in 7 models. Model-averaged coefficients (full average) for fledgling Cerulean Warbler versus random fledgling point models. Cerulean Warblers may place territories around areas with clumped white oak distributions. ); it is possible that once the young fledge, family groups move southward, following streams. Cerulean Warblers are the fastest declining Neotropical migratory wood warbler in North America. "Following" is like subscribing to any updates related to a publication. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. obs. Across its range, however, from the wooded ridges of Ohio to here on the slopes of the northern Andes, Dendroica cerulea, the “blue tree dweller,” is finding itself under increasing observation. When adult birds were tracked instead of juveniles, fledgling locations were recorded where the juveniles were found being fed by the adults. + white oak + vegetation density + ground cover, Grapevine + white oak + vegetation density. Some, such as the cerulean warbler, come from as far south as Peru. Research cores are areas where treatments were applied; outside of the research cores lies a 50 m buffer where no harvest will occur. We did not know the nest location where this fledgling came from, but it appeared to be a local fledgling. Based on our research findings, vegetation density is a key factor that determines where adult Cerulean Warblers take their young after leaving the nest. That’s the male Cerulean Warbler, a brilliant blue songbird with a cerulean neck band and streaks down the sides. endobj Habitat Relationships: Forest stand structure. Random points were not allowed within 50 m of a fledgling location (Wagner & Islam, 2014; Barnes, Islam & Auer, 2016). Each section of the density board that was blocked by vegetation was assigned a percent value of cover by the data recorder based on how much of the blocks were covered by live vegetation. The line below bird #3 separates the different weighted radio- transmitters used. Model averaging was used to identify which variables in the accepted models were of utmost importance. ArcGIS 10.3.1 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA) was used to determine random vegetation points by creating random points within the respective study site (buffer included). Research on the breeding ecology of Cerulean Warblers has been conducted in some parts of its distribution. A model for each combination of variables was created and included the mixed-effect function into each model. Anywhere, any time. Further suggesting their status as a recognized nest predator, we also report agonistic behavior of a different Cerulean Warbler pair toward a Red-bellied Woodpecker foraging near the warblers' fledglings. and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on. Clayton D. Delancey conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper. A table of the AICc values was produced and all models with values of ≤2.0 were selected as equally plausible models. Once captured, the Cerulean Warbler was banded with an aluminum United States Geological Survey (USGS) numbered leg band followed by a combination of color bands. For target-banding (targeting only Cerulean Warblers), we set up a mist-net on the ground, or used a canopy net suspended from a large horizontal tree limb. Based on a handful of studies, many species shift in their use of habitats between the breeding and post-breeding/fledgling periods (e.g., Streby et al., 2011; Porneluzi et al., 2014; Burke, Thompson III & Faaborg, 2017). Sources: Esri, DigitalGlobe, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, GeoEye, USDA FSA, USGS, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community. The Cerulean Warbler is a small member of the parulid family at 11.5 cm and 8-10g. Based on ΔAICc values ≤ 2.0, nine models were selected (Table 2). The Cerulean Warbler Technical Group (CWTG) was formed in 2001 to develop a broad-based, scientific and technically sound approach to cerulean warbler conservation. Similar to our research on Cerulean Warblers, Anders, Faaborg & Thompson III (1998) found that fledgling Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) dispersed to sites where forests consisted of a dense understory with thick ground cover. Since 2007, Cerulean Warbler breeding populations have been monitored in Yellowwood and Morgan–Monroe state forests in southern Indiana as part of a 100-year study called the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment. The sky-blue upperparts of the male Cerulean Warbler are difficult to observe in summer: At that season, the birds stay high in the tops of leafy trees in the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. stand, which provided abundant dense cover (Fig. A generalized-linear model with mixed effects was used to account for non-independence among the samples (each bird was tracked multiple times). This is the first study that examined habitat use by fledgling Cerulean Warblers. Adult males are a vibrant blue color on their backs and heads, and white below, with a dark breast band and dark streaks. Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Once each model was completed, summary statistics were generated for each model to obtain Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values. The Cerulean Warbler is a passerine in the family Parulidae. We found that fledgling habitat differed from other habitats that Cerulean Warblers utilize during the breeding season. Search for other works by this author on: 2013 by the Wilson Ornithological Society. The remainder of the research core is given a single tree selection harvest (Kalb & Mycroft, 2013). The objective for this study was to better understand fledgling movements. Cerulean warblers are strikingly beautiful. When nestlings fledged from the nest, we attempted to capture at least one fledgling or one adult bird from each nest and equipped it with a radio-transmitter (Blackburn Transmitters, Nacogdoches TX, USA). According to the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), its population has declined more than 75% from 1966 to 2006 and it is now considered a species of conservation concern by the U.S. Our promise Its winter range is high in the evergreen forests in the sheltered valleys of the Andes Mountains in northwest South America. Harvest was allowed in this area because it was in the buffer zone of the HEE study sites. For webmasters, COPYRIGHT 2016 Indiana Academy of Science. Akresh et al. At 15 m from the center point, vertical forest density or stratification was measured using a 2.5 m tall density board that was taped off into five sections. %PDF-1.5 %���� Sources: Esri, DigitalGlobe, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, GeoEye, USDA FSA, USGS, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community. This study is the first to examine where Cerulean Warbler fledglings disperse once they leave the nest. Clearcuts or smaller patch-cuts near breeding sites can also benefit Cerulean Warblers in the post-fledging period as areas with plentiful food and protection from predators. Areas that have high vegetation densities in our study sites include clearcuts, patch-cuts, and riparian areas. Locations were recorded on data sheets and in Global Positioning System (GPS) devices. Many observations of nestlings at the time of fledging demonstrated that nestlings could leave the nest and still stay high up in the canopy, making it impossible to capture. Cerulean Warbler use of trees in Mississippi Alluvial Valley sites, N=3690 used, >200,000 available. Many songbird studies focus on breeding habitat with a focus on adult birds, but leave out a large part of a songbird’s annual cycle, the fledgling period (Robinson et al., 1995; Campbell, Witham & Hunter Jr, 2007; Bakermans, Rodewald & Vitz, 2012). For the 2016 and 2017 field seasons, we attached transmitters that lasted up to 22 days, and weighed 0.33 g without the harness. To solve the mystery of migratory songbird declines, more biologists are turning their attention to habitat loss in the Tropics, where the birds spend their winters. The above methods were used to compare fledgling Cerulean Warbler micro-habitat characteristics to random non-use locations. All rights reserved. The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers): An Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) state collecting permit and a federal bird banding permit (Permit #21781) issued by the USGS were obtained to capture birds and place auxiliary markers (i.e., radio-transmitters, geolocators, and color bands) on Cerulean Warblers.

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