Ils les rattrapent près de Damas et les attaquent. The right flank of the Byzantine army was at the south end of the plains, near the Yarmouk River and about a mile before the ravines of Wadi al Allan began. 2009. Par la suite, le front se stabilise autour des monts du Taurus et de l'Anti-Taurus et c'est seulement au Xe siècle que les Byzantins parviennent de nouveau à pénétrer en Syrie du Nord et à contrôler les territoires autour d'Antioche. In July 634, the Byzantines were decisively defeated at Ajnadayn. The army was lined up on a front of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), facing west, with its left flank lying south on the Yarmouk River a mile before the ravines of Wadi al Allan began. Il serait mort le même jour en combattant contre les Byzantins[46]. Theophanes the Confessor (810–815). La portée maximale des arcs arabes est de 150 mètres environ[37]. Ashgate Publishing. The northern route was to be blocked by Muslim cavalry. De ce fait, il peut mobiliser sa cavalerie d'élite de ce côté, conjointement avec la cavalerie affectée à l'aile droite. Before the battle, on Vahan's invitation, Khalid came to negotiate peace, to a similar end. The major battle was to continue for six days. Khalid took his cavalry north to block the northern route of escape. The death of Dairjan and the failure of Vahan's battle plan left the larger Imperial army relatively demoralized, whereas Khalid's successful counterattacks emboldened his troops despite their being smaller in number.[67]. However the Byzantine assault lacked determination; many soldiers of the Imperial Army were unable to press the attack against the Muslim veterans. Thou art an infidel's (enemy's) now. 2003. Les soldats d'infanterie sont plus lourdement armés que les cavaliers. From thereon, the Muslims continued their conquest across the Levant.[18]. These negotiations delayed the battles for a month. The center was formed by the army of Dairjan and the Armenian army of Vahan, both under the overall command of Dairjan. Sending his most brilliant general, Khalid ibn al-Walid, Iraq was conquered in a series of successful campaigns against the Sassanid Persians. ISBN, "Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria". En définitive, c'est un manque de détermination qui transparaît parmi eux, qui pourrait être causé par les difficultés à diriger l'armée en raison de l'existence de tensions internes. À l’origine de cet affrontement figure la volonté d’Héraclius d’endiguer l’avance musulmane et de recouvrer des territoires perdus dans la région. With the rest of the cavalry reserve he attacked Gregory's flank. The Byzantine left center was attacked at its rear by Khalid's cavalry and was finally broken. 1997. Yazid used his cavalry regiment to counterattack but was repulsed. Meanwhile Heraclius prepared for a counterattack and rebuilt his army. The Battle of Yarmuk, fought in 636 AD, was the turning point in Arab history that put a stop to any future Muslim attempt to expand into Europe. [32] The position also benefited from close proximity to the Rashidun stronghold of Najd, in case of retreat. [36] (See Dismissal of Khalid). Damas est la base logistique la plus proche mais Mansur, le dirigeant de la ville, ne peut approvisionner l'ensemble de cette grande armée qui se rassemble dans la plaine du Yarmouk. De larges boucliers en bois ou en osier sont utilisés. [71] Byzantine horse-archers had taken to the field and subjected Abu Ubaidah and Yazid's troops to intense archery preventing them from penetrating their Byzantine lines. [89], Vahan and his Byzantine commanders did not manage to deal with this mounted force and use the sizable advantage of their army effectively. Théodore Trythirius périt lors de la bataille tandis que Nicétas parvient à rejoindre Emèse. C'est probablement une tactique employée par le calife pour gagner du temps sur le front perse[43]. Héraclius quitte la Syrie avec la relique sacrée de la Vraie Croix qui est, avec d'autres reliques conservées à Jérusalem, discrètement placée sur le navire pour la protéger des invasions arabes[68]. The left flank of the Byzantines was at the north, a short distance before the Hills of Jabiya began, and was relatively exposed. Mail was commonly used to protect the face, neck and cheeks either as an aventail from the helmet or as a mail coif. Du fait que le centre gauche de l'armée byzantine bat en retraite, l'aile gauche byzantine se retrouve exposée sur son flanc sud et doit aussi se retirer[55]. Le premier est dirigé par Amr ibn al-As en Palestine, le deuxième par Sharhabeel ibn Hasana en Jordanie, le troisième par Yazid ben Abi Sufyan dans la région de Damas et de Césarée et le dernier par Abu Ubayda ibn al-Djarrah avec Khalid à Émesée. Quand il apprend la nouvelle de cette défaite désastreuse, l'empereur Héraclius est dévasté et furieux[68]. The maximum useful range of the traditional Arabian bow was about 150 m (490 ft). Jabalah, le chef des Chrétiens arabes, est largement mis de côté alors même qu'il dispose d'une bonne connaissance du terrain. After this skirmish, no engagement occurred for a month. Chacune d'entre elles déploie son infanterie en première ligne et sa cavalerie en réserve à l'arrière. [51], Khalid's strategy of withdrawing from the occupied areas and concentrating all of his troops for a decisive battle forced the Byzantines to concentrate their five armies in response. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, the victor of Nineveh, allied himself with the Sassanids, the two empires seeking to pool their depleted resources to stop the Arab advance.

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